Big Data Application in E-commerce

As a result of the last twenty year’s Internet development globally, the E-commerce industry is getting stronger and stronger. While customers enjoyed their convenient online purchase environment, E-commerce sees the potential for the data and information customers left during their online shopping process. One fundamental usage for this information is to perform a Recommendation Strategy to give customers potential products they would also like to purchase. This report will build a User-Based Collaborative Filtering strategy to provide customer recommendation products based on the database of previous customer purchase records. This report will start with an overview of the background and explain the dataset it chose Amazon Review Data. After that, each step for the code and step made in a corresponding file Big_tata_Application_in_E_commense.ipynb will be illustrated, and the User-Based Collaborative Filtering strategy will be presented step by step.
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17 minute read

Check Report Status Status: final, Type: Project

Tao Liu, fa20-523-339, Edit

Abstract

As a result of the last twenty year’s Internet development globally, the E-commerce industry is getting stronger and stronger. While customers enjoyed their convenient online purchase environment, E-commerce sees the potential for the data and information customers left during their online shopping process. One fundamental usage for this information is to perform a Recommendation Strategy to give customers potential products they would also like to purchase. This report will build a User-Based Collaborative Filtering strategy to provide customer recommendation products based on the database of previous customer purchase records. This report will start with an overview of the background and explain the dataset it chose Amazon Review Data. After that, each step for the code and step made in a corresponding file Big_tata_Application_in_E_commense.ipynb will be illustrated, and the User-Based Collaborative Filtering strategy will be presented step by step.

Contents

Keywords: recommendation strategy,user-based, collaborative filtering, business, big data, E-commerce, customer behavior

1. Introduction

Big data have many applications in scientific research and business, from those in the hardware perspective like Higgs Discovery to the software perspective like E-commence. However, with the passage of time, online shopping and E-commerce have become one of the most popular events for citizens' lives and society. Millions of goods are now sold online the customers all over the world. With the 5G technology’s implementation, this trend is now inevitable. These activities will create millions of data about customer’s behaviors like how they value products, how they purchase or sell the products, and how they review the goods purchased would have a tremendous contribution for corporations to analyze. These data can not only help convince the current strategies of E-commerce on the right track, but a potential way to see which step E-commerce can make up for attracting more customers to buy the goods. At the same time, these data can also be implemented as a way for recommendation strategies for E-commerce. It will help customers find the next products they like in a short period by implementing machine learning technology on Big Data. The corporations also can enjoy the increase of sales and attractions by recommendation strategies. A better recommendation strategy on E-commerce is now the new trend for massive data scientists and researchers’ target. Therefore, this field is now one of the most popular research areas in the data science fields.

In this final project, An User-Based Collaborative Filtering Strategy will be implemented to get a taste of the recommendation strategy based on Customer’s Gift card purchase records and the item they also viewed and bought. The algorithm’s logic is the following: A used record indicates that customer who bought product A and also view/buy products B&C. When a new customer comes and shows his interest in B&C, product A would be recommended. This logic is addressed based on the daily-experience of customer behaviors on their E-commerce experience.

2. Background

Recommendation Strategy is a quite popular research area in recent years with a strong real-world influence. It is largely used in E-commerce platforms like Taobao, Amazon, etc. Therefore, It is obvious that there are plenty of recommendation strategies have been done. Though every E-commerce recommendation algorithm may be different from each other, the most popular technique for recommendation systems is called Collaborative Filtering. It is a technique that can filter out items that a user might like based on reactions by similar users. During this technique, the memory-based method is considered in this report since it uses a dataset to calculate the prediction using statistical techniques. This strategy will be able to fulfill in the local environment with a proper dataset. There are two kinds of memory-based methods available in the market: User-Based Collaborative Filtering, Item-Based Collaborative Filtering 1. This project will only focus on the User-Based Collaborative Filtering Strategy since Item-Based Collaborative Filtering requires a customer review rate for evaluation. The customer review rate for evaluation is not in the dataset available in the market. Therefore, Item-Based Collaborative Filtering unlikely to be implemented, and the User-Based Collaborative Filtering Strategy is considered.

3. Choice of Data-sets

The dataset for this study is called Amazon Review Data 2. Particularly, since the dataset is now reached billions of amount, the subcategory gift card will be used as an example since the overall customer record is 1547 and the amount of data retrieved is currently in the right amount of training. This fact can help to perform User-Based Collaborative Filtering in a controlled timeline.

4. Data Preprocessing and cleaning

The first step will be data collection and data cleaning. The raw data-set is imported directly from data-set contributors' online storage meta_Gift_Cards.json.gz 3 to Google Colab notebook. The raw database retrieved directly from the website will be shown in Table 1.

Attribute Description Example
category The category of the record ["Gift Cards", “Gift Cards”]\
tech1 tech relate to it ""
description The description of the product “Gift card for the purchase of goods…”
fit fit for its record ""
title title for the product “Serendipity 3 $100.00 Gift Card”
also_buy the product also bought ["B005ESMEBQ"]\
image image of the gift card ""
tech2 tech relate to it ""
brand brand of the product “Amazon”
feature feature of the product “Amazon.com Gift cards never expire”
rank rank of the product ""
also_view the product also view ["BT00DC6QU4"]\
details detail for the product “3.4 x 2.1 inches ; 1.44 ounces”
main_cat main category of the product “Grocery”
similar_item similar_item of the product ""
date date of the product assigned ""
price price of the product ""
asin product asin code “B001BKEWF2”

Table 1: The description for the dataset

Since the attributes category, main_cat are the same for the whole dataset, they will not be valid training labels. The attributes tech1, fit, tech2, rank, similar_item, date, price have no/ extremely less filled in. That made them also invalid for being training labels. The attributes image, description and feature is unique per item and hard to find the similarity in numeric purpose and then hard to be used as labels. Therefore, only attributes also_buy, also_view, asin are trained as attributes and labels in this algorithm. Figure 1 is a shortcut for the raw database.

THE RAW DATABASE 
The size of DATABASE : 1547
                                                      0
0     {"category": ["Gift Cards", "Gift Cards"], "te...
1     {"category": ["Gift Cards", "Gift Cards"], "te...
2     {"category": ["Gift Cards", "Gift Cards"], "te...
3     {"category": ["Gift Cards", "Gift Cards"], "te...
4     {"category": ["Gift Cards", "Gift Cards"], "te...
...                                                 ...
1542  {"category": ["Gift Cards", "Gift Cards"], "te...
1543  {"category": ["Gift Cards", "Gift Cards"], "te...
1544  {"category": ["Gift Cards", "Gift Cards"], "te...
1545  {"category": ["Gift Cards", "Gift Cards"], "te...
1546  {"category": ["Gift Cards", "Gift Cards"], "te...

[1547 rows x 1 columns]

Figure 1: The raw database

For the training purpose, all asins that appeared in the dataset, either from also_buy & also_view list or * asin*, have to be reformatted from alphabet character to numeric character. For example, the original label for a particular item may be called **B001BKEWF2**. It will now be reformatted to a numeric number as 0. In that case, it can be a better fit-in the next step training method and easy to track. This step will be essential since it will help the also_view and also_buy dataset to be reformatted and make sure they are reformed in the track without overlapping each other. Therefore, a reformat_asin function is called for reformatting all the asins in the dataset and is performed as a dictionary. A shortcut for the *Asin Dictionary* is shown in **Figure 2**.

The 4561  Lines of Reformatted ASIN reference dictionary as following.
{'B001BKEWF2': 0, 'B001GXRQW0': 1, 'B001H53QE4': 2, 'B001H53QEO': 3, 'B001KMWN2K': 4, 'B001M1UVQO': 5, 
 'B001M1UVZA': 6, 'B001M5GKHE': 7, 'B002BSHDJK': 8, 'B002DN7XS4': 9, 'B002H9RN0C': 10, 'B002MS7BPA': 11, 
 'B002NZXF9S': 12, 'B002O018DM': 13, 'B002O0536U': 14, 'B002OOBESC': 15, 'B002PY04EG': 16, 'B002QFXC7U': 17, 
 'B002QTM0Y2': 18, 'B002QTPZUI': 19, 'B002SC9DRO': 20, 'B002UKLD7M': 21, 'B002VFYGC0': 22, 'B002VG4AR0': 23, 
 'B002VG4BRO': 24, 'B002W8YL6W': 25, 'B002XNLC04': 26, 'B002XNOVDE': 27, 'B002YEWXZ0': 28, 'B002YEWXMI': 29, 
 'B003755QI6': 30, 'B003CMYYGY': 31, 'B003NALDC8': 32, 'B003XNIBTS': 33, 'B003ZYIKDM': 34, 'B00414Y7Y6': 35, 
 'B0046IIHMK': 36, 'B004BVCHDC': 37, 'B004CG61UQ': 38, 'B004CZRZKW': 39, 'B004D01QJ2': 40, 'B004KNWWPE': 41, 
 'B004KNWWP4': 42, 'B004KNWWR2': 43, 'B004KNWWRC': 44, 'B004KNWWT0': 45, 'B004KNWWRW': 46, 'B004KNWWQ8': 47, 
 'B004KNWWNG': 48, 'B004KNWWPO': 49, 'B004KNWWXQ': 50, 'B004KNWWUE': 51, 'B004KNWWYU': 52, 'B004KNWWWC': 53, 
 'B004KNWX3A': 54, 'B004KNWX1W': 55, 'B004KNWWZE': 56, 'B004KNWWSQ': 57, 'B004KNWX4Y': 58, 'B004KNWX12': 59, 
 'B004KNWX3U': 60, 'B004KNWX62': 61, 'B004KNWX2Q': 62, 'B004KNWX6C': 63...}

Figure 2: The ASIN dictionary

Then the data contained in the each record’s attributes: also_view & also_buy will be reformated as Figure 3 and Figure 4. Figure 3 is about the also_view item in reformatted numeric numbers based on each item customer purchased. Figure 4 is about the also_buy item in reformatted numeric numbers based on each item customer purchased.

also_view List: The first 10 lines
Item  0 :  []
Item  1 :  [2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 
            2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025]
Item  2 :  [2026, 2027, 2028, 2029, 2030, 2031, 2032, 2033, 2034, 2035, 922, 2036, 283, 
            2037, 2038, 2001, 2000, 2013, 2039, 2040, 2007, 2041, 2042, 2009, 1233, 2043, 
            2014, 234, 2044, 2012, 2005, 2045, 2046, 2002, 2047, 378, 2048, 1382, 2008, 
            2004, 2011, 2049, 2050, 2051, 2052, 2003, 2053, 2054, 2018, 2055, 2056]
Item  3 :  []
Item  4 :  []
Item  5 :  []
Item  6 :  []
Item  7 :  []
Item  8 :  []
Item  9 :  []
Item  10 :  [2057, 2058, 2059]

Figure 3: The also_view list

also_buy List: The first 20 lines
Item  0 :  []
Item  1 :  []
Item  2 :  [2026, 2028, 2027, 2049, 1382, 2037, 2012, 2023]
Item  3 :  []
Item  4 :  []
Item  5 :  []
Item  6 :  []
Item  7 :  []
Item  8 :  [4224, 4225, 4226, 4227, 4228, 4229, 4230, 4231, 4232, 4233, 
            4234, 4235, 4236, 4237, 4238, 4239, 4240, 4241, 4242, 4243, 
            4244, 4245, 4246, 4247, 4248, 4249, 4250, 4251, 4252]
Item  9 :  []
Item  10 :  []

Figure 4: The also_buy list

While the also_buy list and also_view list is addressed. It is also important to know how many times a particular item appeared in other items' also view list and also buy list. These dictionaries will help to calculate the recommendation rate later. Figure 5 and Figure 6 is an example for how many times item 2000 appeared in other item’s also_view and also_buy lists.

also_view dictionary: use Item 2000 as an example
Item  2000 :  [1, 2, 11, 12, 51, 60, 63, 65, 66, 67, 85, 86, 90, 94, 99, 100, 101, 103, 107, 108, 113, 116, 123, 126, 127, 129, 130, 141, 142, 143, 145, 146, 147, 148, 194, 199, 200, 204, 217, 221, 225, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 251, 253, 254, 260, 264, 268, 269, 270, 271, 280, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 294, 295, 296, 298, 299, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 313, 319, 327, 328, 338, 339, 344, 346, 348, 355, 356, 360, 371, 372, 377, 380, 389, 394, 406, 407, 410, 415, 440, 456, 469, 480, 490, 494, 495, 496, 502, 505, 509, 511, 512, 514, 517, 519, 520, 527, 530, 548, 591, 595, 600, 608, 609, 621, 631, 633, 670, 671, 672, 673, 675, 681, 689, 691, 695, 697, 707, 708, 709, 719, 783, 792, 793, 796, 797, 801, 803, 804, 807, 810, 816, 817, 818, 819, 836, 840, 842, 856, 892, 902, 913, 914, 917, 921, 955, 968, 972, 974, 975, 979, 981, 990, 991, 997, 998, 999, 1000, 1001, 1003, 1005, 1006, 1007, 1010, 1011, 1014, 1015, 1017, 1018, 1023, 1024, 1026, 1027, 1028, 1031, 1032, 1035, 1037, 1038, 1039, 1040, 1042, 1043, 1050, 1069, 1070, 1084, 1114, 1115, 1116, 1117, 1119, 1143, 1153, 1171, 1175, 1192, 1197, 1198, 1199, 1200, 1201, 1202, 1203, 1204, 1205, 1207, 1208, 1213, 1217, 1218, 1220, 1222, 1233, 1236, 1238, 1242, 1244, 1245, 1246, 1249, 1251, 1258, 1268, 1270, 1280, 1285, 1289, 1290, 1292, 1295, 1315, 1318, 1319, 1324, 1328, 1330, 1333, 1336, 1341, 1345, 1346, 1347, 1348, 1352, 1359, 1361, 1365, 1366, 1373, 1378, 1384, 1389, 1394, 1395, 1396, 1403, 1405, 1406, 1407, 1414, 1415, 1417, 1418, 1419, 1420, 1423, 1424, 1426, 1427, 1430, 1431, 1432, 1433, 1434, 1437, 1443, 1453, 1454, 1455, 1457, 1458, 1462, 1463, 1464, 1467, 1468, 1469, 1470, 1472, 1474, 1475, 1477, 1478, 1480, 1481, 1482, 1486, 1488, 1492, 1496, 1497, 1498, 1499, 1500, 1501, 1504, 1505, 1506, 1508, 1509, 1512, 1513, 1514, 1515, 1523, 1530, 1533, 1537, 1539, 1546]

Figure 5: The also_view dictionary

also_buy dictionary: use Item 2000 as an example
Item  2000 :  [217, 231, 235, 236, 277, 284, 285, 286, 287, 306, 307, 308, 327, 
               359, 476, 482, 505, 583, 609, 719, 891, 922, 963, 1065, 1328, 1359, 
               1384, 1399, 1482, 1483, 1490, 1496, 1497, 1499, 1509, 1512, 1540]

Figure 6: The also_buy dictionary

5. Recommendation Rate and Similarity Calculation

While all the dictionaries and attributes-label relationship are prepared in Part4, the recommendation rate calculation is addressed in this part. There are two types of similarity methods in this algorithm: Cosine Similarity and Euclidean Distance Similarity that perform the similarity calculation. Before calculating the similarity, the first step would be phrasing the recommendation rate for each item to another item. The Figure 8 is a shortcut for the recommendation rate matrix. It will use the logic in Figure 7.

for item in the asin list:
  for asin in the also_view dictionary:
    if asin is founded in also_view dictionary[item] list:
        score for this item increase 2
    each item in the also_view_dict[asin]'s score will be also increase 2
  for asin in the also_view dictionary:
    if asin is founded in also_view dictionary[item] list:
        score for this item increase 10
    each item in the also_view_dict[asin]'s score will be also increase 10
for other scores which is currently 0, assigned the average value for it
return the overall matrix for the further step

Figure 7: The sudocode for giving the recommendation rate for the likelyhood of the next purchase item based the current purchase

Item  0 :  [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ...]
Item  1 :  [13.0, 52, 28, 13.0, 13.0, 13.0, 13.0, 13.0, 13.0, 13.0, 13.0, 2, 2, 13.0, 13.0, 13.0, 13.0, 13.0, 13.0, 13.0 ...]
Item  2 :  [29.5, 28, 182, 29.5, 29.5, 29.5, 29.5, 29.5, 29.5, 29.5, 29.5, 4, 2, 29.5, 29.5, 29.5, 29.5, 29.5, 29.5, 29.5 ...]
Item  3 :  [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ...]
Item  4 :  [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ...]
Item  5 :  [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ...]
Item  6 :  [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ...]
Item  7 :  [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ...]
Item  8 :  [14.5, 14.5, 14.5, 14.5, 14.5, 14.5, 14.5, 14.5, 290, 14.5, 14.5, 14.5, 14.5, 14.5, 14.5, 14.5, 14.5, 14.5, 14.5, 14.5 ...]
Item  9 :  [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ...]
Item  10 :  [1.5, 1.5, 1.5, 1.5, 1.5, 1.5, 1.5, 1.5, 1.5, 1.5, 6, 1.5, 1.5, 1.5, 1.5, 1.5, 1.5, 1.5, 1.5, 1.5 ...]

Figure 8: The shortcut for recommenation rate matrix

The first similarity method implemented is Cosine Similarity 4. It will use the cosine of the angle between vectors(see Figure 9) to address the similarity between different items. By implementing this method with sklearn.metrics.pairwise package, it will rephrase the whole recommendation similarity as table 2.

image info

Figure 9: The cosine similarity

item 0 1. 2 3 4 5 6 7. 8. …1547
0 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. …
1 0. 0. 0.928569 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.873242 …
2 0. 0. 0.928569 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. …

table 2: The shortcut for using consine similarity to address the recommendation result

The second similarity method implemented is Euclidean Distance Similarity5. It will use Euclidean Distance to calculate the distance between each items as a way to calculate similarity (see Figure 10). By implementing this method with scipy.spatial.distance_matrix package, it will rephrase the whole recommendation similarity. Figure 11 is an example with the item 1.

image info

Figure 10 The Euclidean Distance calculation

Item  1 :  [1005.70671669    0.         1370.09142031 1005.70671669 1005.70671669
 1005.70671669 1005.70671669 1005.70671669  710.89169358 1005.70671669
  905.23339532  862.88933242  971.0745337  1005.70671669 1005.70671669
 1005.70671669 1005.70671669 1005.70671669 1005.70671669 1005.70671669...]

Figure 11: The Euclidean Distance similarity example of item 1

6. Accuracy

The accuracy for the consine_similarity and euclidean distance similarity with the number of items already purchased is shown as Figure 12. Here the blue line represented the cosine similarity, and the red line represented the euclidean distance similarity. As presented, the more item joined as purchased, the less likely both similarity algorithms accurately locate the next item the customer may want to purchase next. However, overall the consine_similarity performed better accuracy compared to Euclidean Distance similarity. In Figure 13, both accurate number and both wrong number is addressed. Both wrong numbers changed dramatically after more already-purchased items joined. This fact convinces the prior statement: this algorithm works better when the given object is 1 but can’t handle many purchased item.

image info

Figure 12: The Cosine similarity and Euclidean Distance Accuracy Comparison

image info

Figure 13: The bothright and bothwrong accuracy comparison

7. Benchmark

The Benchmark for each step for the project is stated in Figure 14 The overall Time spent is affordable. The accuracy calculation part(57s) and the Euclidean Distance algorithm implementation(74s) have taken the majority of time for the running. The Accuracy time consumed would be considered proper since it will randomly assign one to ten items and perform recommendation items based on it. The time spent is necessary and should be considered normal. The Euclidean Distance algorithm would be considered making sense since it is trying to perform the difference in two 1547X1547 matrixs.

Name Status Time
Data Online Downloading Process ok 1.028
Raw Database ok 0.529
Database Reformatting process ok 0.587
Recommendation Rate Calculation ok 1.197
Consine_Similarity ok 0.835
Euclidean distance ok 73.895
Recommendation strategy showcase-Cosine_Similarity ok 0.003
Recommendation strategy showcase-Euclidean distance ok 0.004
Accuracy ok 57.119
Showcase-Cosine_Similarity ok 0.003
Showcase-Euclidean distance ok 0.003

Figure 14: Benchmark

The time comparison for Cosine Similarity and Euclidean Distance Time Comparison is addressed in Figure 15 As stated, the euclidean distance algorithm has taken much more time than cosine similarity. Therefore, the cosine similarity should be considered as efficient in these two similarities.

image info

Figure 15: The Cosine Similarity and Euclidean Distance Time Comparison

8. Conclusion

This project Big_tata_Application_in_E_commense.ipynb 6 is attempted to get a taste of the recommendation strategy based on User-Based Collaborative Filtering. Based on this attemption, the two similarity methods: Cosine Similarity and Euclidean Distance are addressed. After analyzing accuracy and time consumption for each method, Cosine Similarity performed better in both the accuracy and implementation time. Therefore the cosine similarity method is recommended to use in the recommendation algorithm strategies. This project should be aware of Limitations. Since the rating attribute is missing in the dataset, the recommendation rate was assigned by the author. Therefore, in real-world implementation, both methods' accuracy can be expected to be higher than in this project. Besides, the cross-section recommendation strategies are not implemented. This project is only focused on the gift card section recommendations. With the multiple aspects of goods customer purchases addressed, both methods' accuracy can also be expected to be higher.

9. Acknowledgements

The author would like to thank Dr. Gregor Von Laszewski, Dr. Geoffrey Fox, and the associate instructors in the FA20-BL-ENGR-E534-11530: Big Data Applications course (offered in the Fall 2020 semester at Indiana University, Bloomington) for their continued assistance and suggestions with regard to exploring this idea and also for their aid with preparing the various drafts of this article.

10. References

  1. Build a Recommendation Engine With Collaborative Filtering. Ajitsaria, A. 2020 https://realpython.com/build-recommendation-engine-collaborative-filtering/ ↩︎

  2. Justifying recommendations using distantly-labeled reviews and fined-grained aspects. Jianmo Ni, Jiacheng Li, Julian McAuley. Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP), 2019 http://jmcauley.ucsd.edu/data/amazon/ ↩︎

  3. meta_Gift_Cards.json.gz http://deepyeti.ucsd.edu/jianmo/amazon/metaFiles/meta_Gift_Cards.json.gz ↩︎

  4. Recommendation Systems : User-based Collaborative Filtering using N Nearest Neighbors. Ashay Pathak. 2019 https://medium.com/sfu-cspmp/recommendation-systems-user-based-collaborative-filtering-using-n-nearest-neighbors-bf7361dc24e0 ↩︎

  5. Similarity and Distance Metrics for Data Science and Machine Learning. Gonzalo Ferreiro Volpi. 2019 https://medium.com/dataseries/similarity-and-distance-metrics-for-data-science-and-machine-learning-e5121b3956f8 ↩︎

  6. Big_tata_Application_in_E_commense.ipynb https://github.com/cybertraining-dsc/fa20-523-339/raw/main/project/Big_tata_Application_in_E_commense.ipynb ↩︎